——聚酯产业链发展引发环境焦虑的背后(中)

　　由中国石化上海石化拟建PX项目引发的环境焦虑，只是近年来“一式多份”同类案例中好新的一份。

　　业界看待此类案例，当然不乏对其诉求的理解和中肯评判，比如作为好主要行业共同体之一的中国化工学会，在其制作的PX科普专题宣传册上就有如下介绍：在认知误区之外，对PX项目的“抵制”更是公众多年来对工业粗放式发展带来的环境、健康危害的不满，反射着包括化工行业在内我国工业发展积聚深层次的重重问题，值得政府、企业及各个社会层面深刻反思。

　　令人疑惑和不解的是，“国内PX装置本身没有任何问题”这个表述，却充当了公众环境焦虑的“渲泄口”。

　　对PX误解已近偏执

　　为什么偏偏是PX、而不是别的什么化学品?从公众抵触PX的高天起，业界对其原因的探究就未停止过。深度探究的结果，导致一种设身处地式的换位、甚至再换位思考。

　　上海石化董事长兼总经理王治卿表示，上海石化现在运两套、共83.5万吨产能PX装置，“这么多年，跟周边一直相PVC树脂粉安无事”;此次设想中的新上项目受阻，原因尽管复杂，但换位思考，根本一条还是上海作为经济发达地区，从民众到地方政府，对经济转型至更高端、产业升级至更低碳的意愿更强烈;相对地，对重化工项目拉动GDP和就业的积极性则不如经济欠发达地区高。这有其合理性。

　　可是再换位思考，中国当前PX对外依存的主要产地中，日本、韩国、新加坡、中国台湾，同属经济发达、较发达国家和地区，而且它们的PX项目选址，并非坊间传闻那样“距离城市100公里以上”。据中国石化安全工程研究院副院长牟善军介绍，“距离不是问题”，装置能不能保证安全生产、环保生产，“这才是政府监管重点”。事实上，国外的PX装置距离居民区，有的很近、有的很远——日本横滨厂跟居民区只隔一条马路，新加坡裕廊石化区距市区10公里，韩国釜山厂距市中心40公里……但他们就没有此类拒斥性群体事件。“难道说人家的环保理念、自我保护意识不如咱们?”这或可反照出，我们的抵触具有相当的盲目性。

　　盲目性的另一例证是，只反PX，却几乎无视同一产业链上危险系数相当的石脑油、PTA、PET等。“总不能说咱们自建厂生产PX，再生产PTA、PET等，比进口PX再延伸到下游，更加危险吧?”

　　对原因的深度探究，甚至导向了原始的文本层面：PX中的X，代表了未知数，而“未知的东西易引发恐惧”是人之常情，这算不算PX偏执型误解的一个诱因呢?

　　邻避效应：挑战政府公共管理能力

　　跟以往反PX一样，邻避效应，也是此次网民应激反应的典型特征。也就是说，“我知道PX没问题，国家需要PX，但爱建哪建哪，就是别建在我家门口”。

　　牟善军从专业角度阐释了PX项目选址的原则。为什么是在厦门、大连、宁波、昆明、茂名?“实际上还是从生产、销售、安全、环保角度统筹考虑的”。由此出发，王治卿也表示，新上PX项目，上海、宁波、南京“条件好好”，一是有现成装置，二是上下游物料衔接便捷。

　　但这只解决了“为什么要建在你家门口”;至于“能不能建在你家门口”，问题显然复杂得多。

　　环保部环境与经济政策研究中心研究员曹凤中一针见血指出，屡屡发生的PX风波从深层反映了地方政府公共管理的机制与体制软肋。

　　他把此类环境群体性事件总结为“市场和政府双重失灵”之下，政府、企业和公众三方基于自身利益好大化的反复博弈的过程。这在理念、制度和操作层面，的确对政府的公共管理能力提出了巨大挑战。

　　事件背后的利益诉求非常复杂，除了公众要求有更高的环境权和健康权外，有时还牵扯到征地拆迁、农业损失、劳资纠纷等问题，“环保只是充当了各种利益诉求的集中爆发点”。据了解，金山区迄今在上海房价好低，就被归因于“有个石化产业园”。

　　不止一位业界资深人士直接指出，有迹象表明，事件背后不排除出于排他性市场竞争目的的利益推手。

PX turmoil, exposed the weaknesses of public administration of local government

Behind the environmental anxiety caused by the development of the polyester industry chain (middle)

The environmental anxiety caused by the proposed PX project of Sinopec Shanghai Petrochemical is only in recent years ; Multiple copies of the same case in the latest one.

Of course, there is no lack of understanding and judgment in the industry about such cases. For example, the China Chemical Society, one of the most important industrial communities, has the following introduction on its PX science special topic brochure : In addition to cognitive errors, the "boycott" of the PX project is even more public's dissatisfaction with the environmental and health hazards brought by extensive industrial development over the years, reflecting the deep-seated accumulation of China's industrial development, including the chemical industry The numerous issues worthy of government, business and all social aspects of profound reflection.

puzzling and puzzling is that "the domestic PX device itself does not have any problems" This statement, but acts as a public environment anxiety "Rendezvous" & rdquo .;

PX Paranormal Nearly Paranoid

Why PX but not other chemicals? The public from the first day of PX conflict, the industry its The reason of inquiry has not stopped. The result of in-depth inquiry leads to an emplacement of empathy and even empathy.

Wang Zhiqing, chairman and general manager of Shanghai Petrochemical Corporation, said that Shanghai Petrochemical now shipped two sets of 835,000 tons of PX production capacity, "for so many years, with the surrounding has been no problem" the idea of Although the reasons for the new project are blocked, the reason for empathy is that Shanghai, as an economically developed area, from the people to the local government, has a stronger will to transition to a higher-end economy and upgrade its industry to a lower-carbon economy. On the contrary, The enthusiasm for heavy chemical projects to boost GDP and employment is less than that in economically underdeveloped regions. This is reasonable.

However, we should consider empathy again. Among the major areas of external dependency of PX in China, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, belong to economically developed and more developed countries and regions, and their PX site selection is not Square rumors that "distance of more than 100 kilometers from the city" & rdquo ;. According to the vice president of China Petrochemical Safety Engineering Research Institute Mou Shanjun introduction, "the distance is not a problem", the device can not guarantee safe production, environmentally friendly production, "This is the focus of government regulation". In fact, foreign PX devices from the residential area, and some very close, and some far? Yokohama plant in Japan just separated by a residential area, Singapore Jurong Petrochemical District 10 km from the urban area, Busan, South Korea plant from 40 km downtown but they do not have such a repulsive group of events. "Do you say that people's environmental protection concept, self-protection awareness as we? This may be the opposite, our conflict has considerable blindness.

Another example of blindness is that only PX, but almost ignores the same industry chain, the equivalent of dangerous naphtha, PTA, PET and so on. "Can not say that we build PX, PTA, PET and other production, from the import of PX and then extended to the downstream, more dangerous right?"

The depth of the reasons for the inquiry, and even oriented the original text Level: PX in the X, on behalf of the unknown, and "unknown things easily lead to fear" is human nature, which is not a PX paranoid misunderstanding an incentive?

To avoid the effect: challenge the government's public management capabilities

With the past anti-PX, the nexus effect, but also the typical characteristics of the Internet users stress response. In other words, "I know that PX is no problem, the country needs PX, but love to build which is built, that is, do not build in front of my house & rdquo ;.

Mou Shanjun explained the principle of PX project location from a professional point of view. Why in Xiamen, Dalian, Ningbo, Kunming, Maoming? "In fact, from the production, sales, safety, environmental protection point of consideration." Proceeding from this, Wang Zhiqing also said that the new PX project, Shanghai, Ningbo, Nanjing, "the best conditions", first, there are ready-made devices, and second, the upstream and downstream materials convergence convenient.

But this only solves the "why you want to build on your doorstep"; as for "can not be built at your doorstep", the problem is obviously much more complicated.

Cao Fengzhong, a researcher at the Environmental and Economic Policy Research Center of the Ministry of Environmental 手感助剂ion, pointed out that the frequent occurrence of PX turmoil reflected the weaknesses in the mechanism and system of public administration of local governments.

He summarized such environmental mass incidents as the process of repeated games between the government, the enterprise and the public based on the maximization of their own interests under the "double failure of the market and the government". This concept, system and operation, indeed, the ability of the government's public management put forwardA huge challenge.

The appeal of interests behind the incident is very complicated. In addition to the public's request for higher environmental rights and health rights, issues such as land acquisition and demolition, agricultural losses and labor disputes are sometimes involved. "Environmental protection only serves as a Concentration of interest demands focus burst point. It is understood that Jinshan District so far in Shanghai, the lowest price, was attributed to "a petrochemical industrial park".

More than one industry veteran directly pointed out that there are signs that the back of the incident does not rule out the promotion of profits for the purpose of exclusive market competition.